Gene duplication generates extra gene copies in which mutations can accumulate without risking the function of pre-existing genes.Such mutations modify duplicates and contribute to evolutionary novelties.However, the vast majority of duplicates appear to be short-lived and experience duplicate silencing within a few million years.Little is known ab
Arrangements of point masses and ideal harmonic springs are used to model two dimensional crystals.First, the Born cyclic condition is applied to a double chain composed of coupled linear lattices Bicycles to obtain a cylindrical arrangement.Then the quadratic Lagrangian function for the system is written in matrix notation.The Lagrangian is diagon
Background: The neurophysiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are typically described with respect to changes in cortical excitability, defined by using transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses to determine changes in motor evoked potentials.However, how individual cortical neurons change firing patterns under the inf
The liveweight of New Zealand beef cows has increased in recent decades due to selection for higher growth rates.Published data suggest that the efficiency of beef cow magnet assembly production decreases with increasing cow liveweight.Changes in beef herd size, feed demand, production, and cash operating surplus (COS) were simulated with average m